Grammar for English dialogues
اين جزوه برای
دانش آموزان دوره راهنمايی، دبيرستان، داوطلبين کنکور سراسری، داوطلبينی که قصد امتحان MCHE ،TOEFL , IELTS يا ساير امتحانات مشابه را دارند، افرادی که قصد مصاحبه دارند و در نهايت فارسي زبانانی که نياز به مکالمه زبان انگليسي به شکل صحيح دارند مفید می باشد .
گرامر برای مکالمه زبان انگلیسی
The power of seven
مطالبی جالب و شنیدنی در مورد هفت های شگفت انگیز
Seven Times Of The Day
Here are 7 important times or parts of the day in English.
MIDDAY
This is the middle of the day, also called "NOON" (12:00 hours).
AFTERNOON
This is the time from midday (noon) to evening.
From 12:00 hours to approximately 18:00 hours.
EVENING
This is the time from the end of the afternoon to midnight.
From approximately 18:00 hours to 00:00 hours.
DUSK
This is the time when the sun sets or goes down (sunset).
Seven Aches
You probably know the word "ache". It can be a verb or a noun, and means "to hurt" or "a pain". We sometimes combine the word "ache" with parts of the body. For example, if our back hurts, we say that we have "backache" or "a backache". We do *not* do this with all parts of the body. For example, we cannot say that we have a "handache". There are really only five parts of the body that we combine with "ache". They are shown below, plus two other words that we use in a slightly different way.
earache
headache
stomachache
toothache
faceache
This means an ugly or miserable-looking person. (BE)
Seven Colours Of The Rainbow
Have you ever seen a rainbow? Sometimes when the sun is shining and it is rainy somewhere at the same time, you can see a rainbow. It's a huge arch of colours in the sky. It's caused by the light from the sun being broken up by water droplets in the atmosphere. The sun's light is "white", but the water droplets break it up into seven different colours, always in this order:
RED
ORANGE
YELLOW
GREEN
BLUE
INDIGO
VIOLET
These colours are the "visible" part of the sun's radiation. But there are many other parts that are not visible to the human eye. For example:
- immediately below red is "infraRED"
- immediately beyond violet is "ultraVIOLET" (UV)
ultra- (prefix): beyond
infra- (prefix): below
Do you know all the words for the meals that we eat during the day? Most people probably eat about three main meals every day, but here are seven words for main and other meals that we often use:
breakfast
The first meal of the day. Usually around 6am-9am.
brunch
A meal eaten in the late morning, instead of BReakfast and lUNCH. (informal)
elevenses
A snack (for example, biscuits and coffee). Around 11am. (BrE, informal)
lunch
A meal in the middle of the day. Usually around noon or 1pm.
tea
A light afternoon meal of sandwiches, cakes etc, with a drink of tea. Around 4pm. It is also sometimes called afternoon tea (mainly BrE). The word tea can also refer to a cooked evening meal, around 6pm (BrE).
supper
A light or informal evening meal. Around 6pm-7pm.
dinner
The main meal of the day, eaten either in the middle of the day or in the evening. Usually when people say "dinner", they mean an evening meal, around 7pm-9pm.
Here are 7 systems of measurement for things like time, distance and money.
1000 milliseconds = 1 second (sec)
60 seconds = 1 minute (min)
60 minutes = 1 hour (hr)
24 hours = 1 day
7 days = 1 week (wk)
28, 30 or 31 days = 1 month (mth)
12 months = 1 year (yr)
365 days = 1 year
BUT every 4th year = 366 days (a leap year)
Also note:
52 weeks = 1 year (approximately)
People often use the following terms:
48 hours (2 days)
72 hours (3 days)
There are two systems for measuring distance in the English-speaking world:
a) metric
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm)
100 centimetres = 1 metre (m)
1000 metres = 1 kilometre (km)
b) imperial/US
12 inches (in) = 1 foot (ft)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd) (approximately 1 metre)
1760 yards = 1 mile (approximately 1.6 km)
Area is the extent of a surface. It is 2-dimensional. Area is often expressed using the word "square" + the distance. For example, if a room is 10 metres long and 5 metres wide, it is 50 square metres (50 sq. m). But we can also use the distance + the figure 2. Then we would write 50m2.
Here are two examples:
My table is 3 metres long x 2 metres wide:
area = 6 sq.m, or
area = 6m2
My town is 3 miles x 4 miles:
area = 12 sq. miles
We often measure the area of land using:
hectare = 10,000 square metres
acre = 4,840 square yards
There is a difference between "square metres" and "metres square". If my room is 10 feet x 10 feet, it is 100 square feet but 10 feet square. We can only say this when the length and the width are the same.
Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object or enclosed in a container. It is 3-dimensional. Volume is often expressed using the word "cubic" + the distance. For example, if a room is 5 metres long, 3 metres wide and 3 metres high, it is 45 cubic metres (45 cu. m). But we can also use the distance + the figure 3. So we write 45m3.
Other measurements of volume are:
- 1000 cubic centimetres (cc) = 1 litre (L or l)
- gallon (approx. 4.6 litres in UK, approx. 3.8 liters in US)
We use litres to talk about fluids like drinks and petrol.
We also use gallons to talk about petrol and other fluids.
Speed is a measurement that combines distance, quantity, volume etc AND time. Common ways of talking about the speed of a car, for example, are:
- 50 miles per hour (50mph)
- 50 kilometres per hour (50kph)
We also use the symbol / when talking about speed:
- 50 people/hour (50 people per hour)
- 1000 l/hr (1000 litres per hour)
There are two systems to measure how heavy something is:
a) metric
1000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg)
1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (metric tonne)
b) imperial/US
16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb)
14 pounds = 1 stone (British)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)*
20 hundredweights = 1 ton*
Most countries use a basic monetary unit (for example the dollar) divided into 100 fractional units (example cents). They use a combination of paper money (banknotes or notes) and metal money (coins).
Here are some examples from the world's major currencies:
USA: American Dollar (USD or $)
1 dollar = 100 cents
UK: British Pound (GBP or £)
1 pound = 100 pence
European Union: Euro (EUR or €)
1 euro = 100 cents
Japan: Japanese Yen (JPY or ¥)
1 yen = 100 sen (not used today)
Switzerland: Swiss Franc (CHF)
1 franc = 100 centimes
Words like metre and litre are spelled differently in the UK and US. The British write metre, kilometre, litre etc. The Americans write meter, kilometer, liter etc.
When it comes to vocabulary, American English differ significantly from British English. Sometimes the same word has different meaning. There are also different words with the same meaning. A few examples are given below.
|
American English |
British English |
|
Airplane |
Aeroplane |
|
Apartment |
Flat/ apartment |
|
Area code |
Dialling code |
|
Attorney, lawyer |
Barrister, solicitor |
|
Busy |
Engaged (phone) |
|
Cab/taxi |
Taxi |
|
Can |
Tin |
|
Candy |
Sweets |
|
Check/bill |
Bill |
|
Cookie, cracker |
Biscuit |
|
Corn |
Maize |
|
Crib |
Cot |
|
Crazy |
Mad |
|
Diaper |
Nappy |
|
Dumb, stupid |
Stupid |
|
Elevator |
Lift |
|
Eraser |
Rubber, eraser |
|
Fall, autumn |
Autumn |
|
Faucet, tap |
Tap |
|
First floor, second floor |
Ground floor, first floor |
|
Flashlight |
Torch |
|
French fries |
Chips |
|
Garbage, trash |
Rubbish |
|
Garbage can, trashcan |
Dustbin, rubbish bin |
|
Gas, gasoline |
Petrol |
|
Highway, freeway |
Main road, motorway |
|
Hood |
Bonnet |
|
Intersection |
Crossroads |
|
Mad |
Angry |
|
|
Post |
|
Mean |
Nasty |
|
Movie, film |
Film |
|
Pants, trousers |
Trousers |
|
Pavement |
Road surface |
|
Pitcher |
Jug |
|
Potato chips |
Crisps |
|
Purse |
Handbag |
|
Raise |
Rise (salary) |
|
Railroad |
Railway |
|
Rest room |
Public toilet |
|
Schedule, timetable |
Timetable |
|
Sneakers |
Trainers (sports shoes) |
|
Stand in line |
Queue |
|
Stingy |
Mean |
|
Store, shop |
Shop |
|
Subway |
Underground |
|
Truck |
Van, lorry |
|
Trunk |
Boot (of a car) |
|
Stand in line |
Queue |
|
Two weeks |
Fortnight, two weeks |
|
Vacation |
Holiday(s) |
|
Windshield |
Windscreen |
|
Zee |
Zed |
|
Stand in line |
Queue |
|
Zipper |
Zip |
These two varieties of English are very similar that most American and British speakers can understand each other without great difficulty. There are, however, a few differences of grammar, vocabulary and spelling. The following guide is meant to point out the principal differences between American English (AE) and British English (BE).
The British use the present perfect to talk about a past action which has an effect on the present moment. In American English both simple past and present perfect are possible in such situations.
Other differences include the use of already, just and yet. The British use the present perfect with these adverbs of indefinite time. In American English simple past and present perfect are both possible.
The British normally use have got to show possession. In American English have (in the structure do you have) and have got are both possible.
In British English the past participle of get is got. In American English the past participle of get is gotten, except when have got means have.
In British English it is fairly common to use shall with the first person to talk about the future. Americans rarely use shall.
In offers the British use shall. Americans use should.
In British English needn't and don't need to are both possible. Americans normally use don't need to.
In American English it is particularly common to use subjunctive after words like essential, vital, important, suggest, insist, demand, recommend, ask, advice etc. (Subjunctive is a special kind of present tense which has no -s in the third person singular. It is commonly used in that clauses after words which express the idea that something is important or desirable.) In British English the subjunctive is formal and unusual. British people normally use should + Infinitive or ordinary present and past tenses.
Collective nouns like jury, team, family, government etc., can take both singular and plural verbs in British English. In American English they normally take a singular verb.
In British English it is common to use do as a substitute verb after an auxiliary verb. Americans do not normally use do after an auxiliary verb.
In American English it is common to use like instead of as if/ as though. This is not correct in British English.
In American English it is also common to use were instead of was in unreal comparisons.
Americans normally use he/she, him/her, his/her to refer back to one. In British English one is used throughout the sentence.
In American English mid position adverbs are placed before auxiliary verbs and other verbs. In British English they are placed after auxiliary verbs and before other verbs.