One of the record-keepers of multilinguality was undoubtedly Cardinal Giuseppe Mezzofanti (1774-1849) who was the head of the Vatican library. There are different accounts of the exact numbers - part of the confusion is due to the difficulty in distinguishing between languages and dialects, and also to the definition of fluency. When he was 12, he already spoke nearly 10 languages; when he died at the age of 75, he spoke about 40 fluently. In 1846, he himself claimed the knowledge of 78 languages and dialects.

The interesting fact is that Mezzofanti never left Italy, he managed to learn all languages either by finding native speakers who visited the Vatican or entirely from books. He knew a number of dead languages, including Latin, ancient Greek and Hebrew, Coptic, ancient Armenian, old English, etc: these could not have been acquired through real-life teachers. Some of the uncommon tongues which he spoke incuded Arabic, Chaldee, Persian, Albanese, Hungarian, Chinese, Bohemian etc.